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          <h1 id="一-编译内存相关"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#一-编译内存相关"></a> 一、编译内存相关</h1>
<h2 id="1-c-程序编译过程"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#1-c-程序编译过程"></a> 1、C++ 程序编译过程</h2>
<p>面试高频指数：四星</p>
<hr>
<p>编译过程分为四个过程：编译（编译预处理、编译、优化），汇编，链接。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>编译预处理</strong>：处理以 <code>#</code> 开头的指令；</li>
<li><strong>编译、优化</strong>：将源码 <code>.cpp</code> 文件翻译成 <code>.s</code> 汇编代码；</li>
<li><strong>汇编</strong>：将汇编代码 <code>.s</code> 翻译成机器指令 <code>.o</code>文件；</li>
<li><strong>链接</strong>：汇编程序生成的目标文件，即<code>.o</code>文件，并不会立即执行，因为可能会出现：<code>.cpp</code>文件中的函数引用了另一个<code>.cpp</code>文件中定义的符号或者调用了某个库文件中的函数。那链接的目的就是将这些文件对应的目标文件链接成一个整体，从而生成可执行的程序<code>.exe</code>文件。</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/maureen-liu/typora-image/raw/master/typora-image/1612676946-HVvkdR-image.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>链接分为两种：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>静态链接</strong>：代码从其所在的静态链接库中拷贝到最终的可执行程序中，在该程序被执行时，这些代码会被装入到该进程的虚拟地址空间中。</li>
<li><strong>动态链接</strong>：代码被放到动态链接库或共享对象的某个目标文件中，链接程序只是在最终的可执行程序中记录了共享对象的名字等一些信息。在程序执行时，动态链接库的全部内容会被映射到运行时相应进行的虚拟地址的空间。</li>
</ul>
<p>二者的优缺点：</p>
<ul>
<li>静态链接：<strong>浪费空间</strong>，每个可执行程序都会有目标文件的一个副本，这样如果目标文件进行了更新操作，就需要重新进行编译链接生成可执行程序（<strong>更新困难</strong>）；优点就是执行的时候运行速度快，因为可执行程序具备了程序运行的所有内容。</li>
<li>动态链接：节省内存、更新方便，但是动态链接是在程序运行时，每次执行都需要链接，相比静态链接会有一定的性能损失。</li>
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          <p>C++ Standard Template Library and Generic Programming</p>
<h1 id="前言"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#前言"></a> 前言</h1>
<p>所谓Generic Programming（GP，泛型编程），就是使用 template（模板）为主要工具来编写程序。本课程第二讲开宗明义阐述了 GP 与 OOP（Object Oriented Programming）的根本差异，并谈及 templates 的意义和运用。</p>
<p>制作本讲义时，我使用的题目是《C<ins>标准库 — 体系结构与内核分析》（C</ins> Standard Library —— architecture &amp; sources)；由于本课程之最精髓就是根据源代码分析 C++ STL 之体系结构，而 STL 正是泛型编程（GP) 最成功的作品，所以本课程事实上就是以 STL 为目标的深层次地探讨泛型编程。</p>
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          <h1 id="1-设计模式简介"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#1-设计模式简介"></a> 1、设计模式简介</h1>
<h2 id="11-目标"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#11-目标"></a> 1.1 目标</h2>
<ul>
<li>理解松耦合设计思想</li>
<li>掌握面向对象设计原则</li>
<li>掌握重构技法改善设计</li>
<li>掌握GOF 核心设计模式</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="12-什么是设计模式"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#12-什么是设计模式"></a> 1.2 什么是设计模式</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>每一个模式描述了一个在我们周围不断重复发生的问题，以及该问题的解决方案的核心。这样，你就能一次又一次地使用该方案而不必做重复劳动。</p>
<p>​																																																	——Christopher Alexander</p>
</blockquote>
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<h2 id="11-目标"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#11-目标"></a> 1.1 目标</h2>
<ul>
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